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HBSE Class 10 History Chapter 5 Christianity and Islam – Rise and Conflict Notes for Haryana Board of Bharat and the World Book Solution.
Christianity and Islam – Rise and Conflict Class 10 History Chapter 5 Notes
Christianity
Christianity is a major religion in the modern world. It was founded in the first century AD by Jesus, also known as Jesus Christ. This belief originated in the Palestine region of Asia Minor. The Jewish people lived in this region. Jesus Christ was born into a Jewish family living in this area, at a place called Nazareth, in 6 BC. His mother was Mary and his father was Joseph. In those days, the territory of Palestine was part of the kingdom of the Roman Emperor Octavian Caesar. Jesus Christ started preaching a new sect among the Jews. He said that people should try to make the earth a heaven and to establish the kingdom of heaven on earth. God is the father of all; all are equal before Him. Gradually, many people became disciples of Jesus Christ and they came to be called Christians. They did not believe in other gods and goddesses except for one. On the other hand, Emperor Caesar had established an autocratic state in Rome. The people of his empire also started to worship the emperor as a deity. People started considering him as a real deity, but Jesus Christ used to preach among his followers that there is a God and we should not worship other gods. Jesus Christ opposed the worship of the emperor. The officials of the empire considered it treason and imprisoned Jesus Christ. He was accused of being called the Son of God and was sentenced to death.
Propagation of Christianity: The followers of Jesus were called Christians. At the time of Jesus, his doctrine was spread in Palestine only. His teachings were written in a book called the ‘Bible’. A large number of people became Christian monks and started preaching Christianity. The simple life of Jesus became an inspiration for them. Gradually, Christianity started spreading outside Palestine as well. The main disciples of Jesus Christ, Saint Paul and Saint Peter, preached the doctrine of Jesus. Due to their preaching, Christianity spread to other places.
Emperor Constantine and Christianity: In 306 AD, Emperor Constantine became the emperor of Rome. At this time, the German races were attacking the Roman Empire. The condition of the empire was deteriorating due to their invasions. The emperor felt that it would be useful to get the sympathy of the people for the protection of the empire. Therefore, he himself accepted the popular religion among the people, due to which he got the support of the Christian people of the empire. Christianity has now become a sect of the Roman Empire. Christianity made unprecedented progress by getting the support of the state.
Emperor Constantine was an opponent of Christians all his life. But to put an end to the rebellion, he converted to Christianity shortly before his death. It is considered a very important event in Christian history because after this Christianity became the religion of the Roman Empire. With the strength of the Roman Empire, Christianity was able to spread throughout the world.
Institutions of Christianity: In Christianity, the worship house of the followers is called a cathedral (church). A clergyman is appointed for prayer in the church. The head of Christianity is called the Pope, who is the supreme teacher and guide of Christians.
During the period of anarchy after the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, people donated their lands to the church, due to which the cathedrals became the owners of large manors. The Pope is responsible for the maintenance of the property of the Church so his power has increased. The Pope’s influence in Europe increased after the fall of the Roman Empire. Later, Christianity was divided into two parts: Roman Catholics and Protestants. Followers of the Roman Catholic Church believe that the Pope in Vatican City is the spiritual successor of Jesus Christ. Protestantism emerged in the fifteenth century as part of the process of reforming traditional Christianity. Martin Luther was considered its originator. This sect favours a liberal approach. Initially, there were bloody fights between the two Christian factions, in which millions of people lost their lives.
In the 15th century, Martin Luther raised his voice against the autocracy of the Pope and the superstition spread in Christianity. His followers were called Protestants.
Difference between Roman catholic and Protestant
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Roman Catholic
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Protastantism
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Islam
Islam is an important religion in the world. It originated in Arabia in the seventh century. Its founder was Hazrat Mohammad. He was born in 570 AD in a city called Mecca in the Arabian Peninsula. His father’s name was Abdullah, and his mother’s name was Amina. Hazrat Mohammad’s parents died in his childhood. He was brought up by his uncle, Abu Talib. From childhood, he was of a reflective nature. As a grown man, he went on business trips with his uncle, Abu Talib. At the age of 25, he was married to a wealthy widow named Khadija, who was about 15 years older than him.
The Arabs believed in polytheism at that time. Hazrat Mohammad started getting absorbed in prayer. He used to meditate and pray while sitting in the cave of Hira Hill near Mecca. Muslims believe that while meditating here one day, Muhammed Saheb received the order from his God or Allah through an angel named Gabriel to preach the truth. The preaching he gave to the people of Mecca was called Islam.
Spread of Islam: Hazrat Mohammad was considered the prophet of Allah, whom Allah had sent to spread the message on earth. He gave a message to the polytheistic people of Mecca that God is one and am his prophet. There is no one to be worshipped except Allah. At that time, idols of deities were worshipped in Kaaba. When Hazrat Mohammad opposed idol worship, the people of Mecca turned against him. Due to his opposition, he had to leave Mecca and go to a city called Medina. In Islam, this event is called Hijrat. This incident took place in 622 AD, and from this year, the Hijri year started. While staying in Medina, Hazrat Sahib preached his faith. Gradually the people of Arabia started becoming his followers.
Teachings of Islam: In Islam, Allah is considered God and Hazrat Sahib is considered his messenger. The basic phrases of Islam are called Kalma, according to which there is no one to be worshipped except Allah. A follower of Islam prays to God five times a day, which is called Namaz The time of prayer is fixed. In the holy month of Ramadan, the followers of Islam have to observe a fast, which is called Roza. When Hazrat Sahib expand his faith, the people of Medina became his followers. After that, he attacked Mecca and defeated them, after which they also accepted Islam. Hazrat Sahib died in 632 AD. The four holy Caliphs became his successors. Their main task was only to spread Islam. Gradually, wherever the political power of the Caliphs was established, Islam was spread there. By the eleventh century, Islam had spread from Europe to a large area of Asia. Their total tenure was 29 years (632 AD-661 AD). Barring the first Caliph, Abu Bakr, the remaining three Calips were assassinated by their opponents.
The Quran is the holy book of Islam which contains main teachings of Islam. This text is written in Arabic language. Islam considers the Arabic language to be a sacred language. For example, Sanskrit is considered a sacred language in Hinduism.
Conflict of Christianity and Islam
Mohammad organised the different races of the Arabian world and unified them into a single state. During the time of the Caliphs, his kingdom became a large empire, which included Persia, Iraq, Armenia, Kashgar, Turkestan, Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt, North Africa and Spain. Christianity was born in Palestine. This region came under the Islamic rulers. In the beginning. the Christian people lived here peacefully. A large number of Christians from Europe used to come here on pilgrimage. Earlier, they were not harassed. In 1071 AD, the Turks defeated the army of the Byzantine Empire in the Battle of Menzikert. After this victory, the Muslim Turks became the authorities on the route to Palestine, through which the Europeans used to go to the Holy Land. Christians considered it a privilege to visit the place of the birth of Jesus Christ, but the route leading to it was now ruled by the Turks. The Turks were a tribe of Central Asia who established their sultanate over various parts of the Arab Empire after the power of the Caliphs was weakened.
Crusade
The situation for Christians living in Jerusalem had worsened in the eleventh century. The Muslims destroyed the holy mausoleum of Jesus Christ and killed the Christians living there. The remaining Christians living in Jerusalem were living captive lives. They could not celebrate their festivals. Various taxes were imposed on them. Mud was also thrown in their houses and if they protested, they were subjected to severe torture. Many times they were murdered and their property taken away. They were forcibly converted to Islam. Information about the condition of Christians in Palestine and the atrocities on pilgrims started reaching Europe. So the Christian world could not remain indifferent to it. Now the idea of liberating the holy land from the Muslims and making the journey there safe has started in Europe. This idea gave birth to the Crusades.
The conflict between Christianity and Islam is called ‘Crusade’. This conflict took place from the last decade of the eleventh century to the end of the thirteenth century by the Christians of Europe to liberate Christian religious places in Palestine from the Muslims. From the sectarian point of view, this conflict took place between two faiths: Christianity and Islam. Historically, this conflict started with the war between the Greeks and the Persians in ancient times. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries it was replaced by the Ottoman-European conflict. The Crusade is called a group of eight campaigns. Of these, the first four were major crusades, while the remaining four are called normal crusades.
Byzantine Emperor Alexius was greatly troubled by the invasions of Muslims in Europe at that time. He felt himself alone in this struggle. He appealed to the European nobles and the Pope for help. At the same time, Peter the Hermit was organising the people of Europe on the question of the liberation of the Holy Land from the Muslims and the safe passage. Peter the Hermit is said to have travelled to Jerusalem. The Christian chief of Jerusalem had given him letters to the people of Europe. With this letter, he reached the Pope of Rome and asked permission to prepare for war to free Christian religious places from Muslims. He travelled around the countryside and urban areas of Europe, preparing people to join the first Crusade. With the efforts of Peter the Hermit, the people of Europe were getting ready for the Christian recapture of Jerusalem. Emperor Alexius had sought help from the Pope against the Muslims. Therefore, in 1095, the Pope called a Synod in Rome to overcome this situation. On November 27, 1095, the Pope laid before the assembly the plight of Christians living in the East, the situation in Europe due to neglect; and the invasion of holy places by Muslims.
The next day, on November 28, the battle campaign was outlined. It was also decided that the people participating in this journey would put a cross of colourful cloth on their coat and that is why they would be called Crusaders. The bishop will protect the property of those involved in the conflict. All sins of those who reach Jerusalem or die in this attempt will be forgiven, but they will be thrown out of Christianity if they flee the war.
Four Great Crusades
First Crusade: The day came on August 15, 1096, and the rulers, feudatories, bishops, priests, monks, rich and poor, women and children agreed to march towards Jerusalem for war. A bewildered crowd gathered under the leadership of Peter the Hermit. He, along with another knight, Walter, along with eighty thousand followers, proceeded through the Germany-Hungary route towards Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire.
Due to the efforts of the German and French rulers, an army of three lakhs reached Constantinople, which included various rulers of Europe. The army moved from Constantinople to Syria, from where they wanted to reach Jerusalem They had many groups. The French ruler Raymond’s group conquered Jerusalem.
Second Crusade: In 1144 AD, a city named Edessa was captured by the Muslims. The Christians of Europe were again concerned about Jerusalem. This concern of Christians compelled the rulers of different parts of Europe to march as an army towards Jerusalem. The German and French emperors were also included in this army. But this army was destroyed as soon as it crossed Asia Minor. Only a few people reached Jerusalem.
Third Crusade: The main reason for the third conflict between Christians and Muslims was the desire of the Sultan of Egypt to take over Jerusalem. When this information reached Europe, the rulers of Germany, France and England decided to go to Jerusalem. The German emperor died on the way. The Emperor of England made a treaty with Egypt, according to which Christians were promised the facility of travelling to Jerusalem without any problems.
Fourth Crusade: In 1202 AD, at the call of Pope Innocent III, the army was once again organised in Europe to go on a holy trip to Jerusalem. The Pope’s aim was to cross the Mediterranean Sea and go to Jerusalem by sea route. But neither many people gathered nor the necessary wealth could be collected, so this campaign failed. These four campaigns are called the four conflicts or crusades between Christianity and Islam. However, even after this, the Christians of Europe made efforts to liberate the holy land of Jerusalem from the Muslims. But all these attempts failed.
Four Smaller Crusades
Fifth Crusade (1217-1221 AD): The fifth crusade was waged by Western Europe to liberate Jerusalem.
Sixth Crusade (1228-1229 AD): This campaign was launched after the failure of the Fifth Crusade, but there was very less fighting in it.
Seventh Crusade (1248-1254 AD): In this crusade, King Louis IX of France was badly defeated by the Muslim army.
Eighth Crusade (1270 AD): King Louis IX of France declares a crusade against Islam This crusade failed, as Louis IX was killed and the campaign was halted.
Similarities between Christianity and Islam: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, all three sects have come from the same source. These are also called Abrahamic sects. They have some fundamental similarities, such as:
- All three believe that the soul has only one birth, and after death it goes either to eternal heaven or hell.
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All three believe that one day this world will end, and on that day hell and heaven will be assigned to them.
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All these sects consider only their own point of view as the ultimate truth. God can be realised only through their path because they believe that their opinion is the best. Therefore, they seem to be struggling to explain others their point of view.
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God lives in heaven.
Impact of the Conflict
There was great enthusiasm at the beginning of this struggle between Christianity and Islam to protect their holy places. Ordinary people also joined in. At the call of the Pope, people from all sections of Europe wanted to contribute to it, but over time, this communal enthusiasm waned. These campaigns organised the Christians in Europe against the Muslims. They could not retain possession of their holy places for long, but they were successful in ending the power of Muslim rulers from Europe. Christians uprooted the power of Muslims from regions like Portugal, Spain, etc.
The Christians of Europe have now begun to look for ways to cause economic harm to the Muslims. Efforts to find new ways of obtaining goods from India or Asia were steps taken in this direction. The conflict between Christianity and Islam in the medieval period had many worldwide impacts. The Christians of Europe now came into contact with the outside world.
due to which there were many political, social and economic changes. Many feudal lords of Europe died in the long struggle with the Muslims, which marked the beginning of the end of feudalism in that country. This paved the way for the establishment of national states. This confrontation increased the power of the Pope, making him an autocrat. Later, there was a reformation movement against the power and autocracy of the Pope.
After the bloody conflict between Christianity and Islam, peaceful methods were discovered for the propagation of Christianity in Europe. Many social changes took place in Europe due to this conflict. Slaves got freedom. Due to the participation of the feudal lords in the struggle of two centuries, their manors were looked after by their women, which improved the status of women in Europe. Contact with Asia and Arabia brought changes in the food, lifestyle, jewellery and decoration of the people of Europe. Europeans started using Asian spices in their food.
The process of urbanisation has also accelerated in Europe. The countries of Europe began to obtain Asian goods from the trade through the Mediterranean Sea. Pigeons were used to send stringed bows and messages throughout Europe. Now big circular churches are beginning to be built there.
Sea discoveries were encouraged by the invention of the compass. For the first time in 1492 AD, Columbus discovered the American continent. The Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama discovered a route through which the goods of Asia could be accessed without the intervention of the Arabs. From geographical discoveries, Christians got information about the areas where they later spread Christianity. Christianity spread on the American continent after 1492 AD. The immediate effect of the conflict between Christianity and Islam was that the spread of Islam in Europe stopped. Due to this confrontation, the Christian civilization got a chance to strengthen itself, which led to its successfully protecting itself from Islam in later times.
This conflict also affected the Arabs. They were successful in capturing Jerusalem. But their spread in Europe came to a halt, not only that, many Islamic states came to an end in Europe. The result of this conflict was that the mediation of the Arabs in the trade between Asia and Europe came to an end, as a result of which Central Asia suffered economic loss. The Christians started their siege along with the distant Asian countries and tried to keep them confined to Central Asia. This confrontation stopped the bloody spread of Islam. For cultural and economic reasons, this conflict between Christianity and Islam can be seen in Central Asia even today.