Explain in brief any two techniques of Scientific Management.

• Answer – Functional foremanship: divide supervision among eight specialists. In the planning office, the instruction-card clerk specifies instructions, route clerk determines the sequence, time-and-cost clerk prepares schedules and cost information, and disciplinarian maintains discipline. On the shop floor, gang boss arranges machines and tools, speed boss ensures proper speed, repair boss maintains equipment and inspector checks quality.
• Standardisation: set standards for materials, equipment, processes and output. Simplification removes unnecessary varieties, sizes and product types to reduce waste and inventory.
• Method study: identify the best method of doing a job, from input procurement to delivery.
• Motion study: examine movements and eliminate unnecessary actions to reduce effort and time.
• Time study: determine the standard time for a defined task under specified conditions; use it for schedules, staffing and labour-cost estimates.
• Fatigue study: determine the amount and frequency of rest needed to restore energy and sustain performance.
• Differential piece-wage system: pay efficient workers a higher rate per unit and workers below the standard a lower rate, encouraging attainment of the standard.

Scientific techniques require cooperation and suitable working conditions. Modern quality and waste-reduction approaches also emphasise measurement, standard methods and continuous improvement.