Explain two points each of Inter-dependence and difference between Planning and Controlling.
Answer – Planning sets objectives and standards; controlling measures results against them. Without planning, control has no basis for comparison. Without controlling, managers cannot know whether plans are being implemented effectively.
Both are forward looking and backward looking. Planning uses past experience to choose future action. Controlling studies past performance but uses corrective action to improve future results.
Basis | Planning | Controlling |
Main task | Decide objectives and action in advance. | Compare results, analyse deviations and correct action. |
Role in the cycle | Provides targets and standards. | Provides feedback for implementation and revised plans. |
They are therefore inseparable and interdependent, not opposing activities.