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HBSE ( Haryana Board ) Solution of Class 11 English Note Making important Question And Answer solution.
HBSE Class 11 English Note Making Important Question Answer 2024
Read the following passage carefully and make notes on it. Supply a suitable title also
In the past the status of women in Indian society was very high. They were considered even superior to men. But with the passage of time, their condition worsened. They had to go behind the veils. They were not given much importance in the family and in the society. Men dominated the society and women were thought to be inferior. However, after the Independence, the condition of women has greatly changed. Our national leaders and organizations have been working for the liberation of women. As a result, women are not limited to the four walls of the family. They have come out and are taking active part in the national life. But still, Indian women have not got complete liberation. There is a great difference between the condition of women in cities and those in villages. The women of cities are mostly liberated. They work shoulder to shoulder with men. They hold all kinds of jobs. They go to clubs, attend meetings and now women are even pilots, engineers and mountaineers. On the other hand, the rural and poor women enjoy no freedom at all. They have to work under miserable conditions. Their backwardness is mostly due to lack of education. Secondly, they are economically dependent women. In order to improve the condition of women, they must be educated. Girls education should be free. I here should be reservation for women in jobs. Only then can the condition of women be improved.
Educational qualification are considered to be very important in the modern world. They are essential for people who want to find reasonably well paid employment in the professions. For this reason most parents try to get their children to work hard at school and achieve academic success by doing well in exams. Many parental aspirations also include their children going to university and graduating with a good degree. Not all children, however are capable of achieving academic success. This doesn’t matter as long as parents are willing to accept it, but it is quite common for parents to think that all their children have to is to study hard and they will pass their exams. All too often they just succeed is causing too much stress in their offspring, with the result that the children either get ill or fail exams that they might otherwise have passed. There are some children who are quite bright but who are simply not interested in formal learning. Some might be of an artistic bent and wish to become an artist or designer, while some might have a talent for acting. Others may show an aptitude for working with their hands or want to start their own business and become entrepreneurs. It is perfectly possible for children to achieve such ambitions. However, their parents may well have other ideas, which can lead to family conflict. Strangely enough, many parents are often reluctant to allow children to follow in their footsteps. For example actors may not wish their children to have a career in the theatre because of the uncertainty of the profession. The opposite situation also arises. Parents who have worked hard to establish a business may want their children to become part of it only to find that their offspring prefer a completely different occupation.
On 30th November, 1986 Chamundeyi, a woman of Nahi-Kala village in Doon Valley, was collecting fodder in the forest when she heard trucks climbing up the mountain towards the limestone quarry in the area. Since September, 1986 there had been a Chipko Camp on the road to the quarry set up by the village communities of Thano region to stop the mining operations which have created ecological havoc in the region. The trucks should not, therefore, have been there. The quarry workers had attacked the protesters, removed them from the blockade and driven the trucks through. Chamundeyi threw down her sickle, raced down the slope and stood in front of the climbing trucks, telling the drivers that they could go only over her dead body. After dragging her for a distance, they stopped and reversed. In April, 1987 the people of Nahi-Kala were still protesting because the government had been tardy in taking action to close the mine although the lease had expired in 1982. The mining operations were also in total violation of the 1980 Forest Conservation Act. People’s direct action to stop the mining was an outcome of the government’s failure to implement its own laws.
How, then, do males of species that do not sing manage to attract females ? That depends entirely on the species. Many species, such as gulls-live in flocks, and return year after year to the same colony sites. There they can see each other, and need not guide solitary females by song. Other specics, although they do not ‘sing’ as we mean it, do make specific loud noises which have exactly the same function as song. We are not accustomed to call these noises ‘song’, simply because they are not so beautiful nor so persistent as, say, the song of a nightingale. A male grey heron gives a loud, raucous cry every half minute or so as long as it is unmated, and this cry attracts the female herons. The great spotted woodpecker ‘drums’ and probably attracts females by this ‘instrumental music’. A friend of mine once made a little instrument out of an old alarm clock, which imitated the drumming very well. I think if you took one of Ludwig Koch’s fine gramophone records of bird songs, and played it in the suitable habitat in spring, you would get surprising results. You would then find that song has a second function as well; it signals the presence of males to other males. By imitating the woodpecker’s drumming near an occupied territory my friend could make the owner of the territory fly to its favourite drumming tree and reply. You can do a similar thing to many male birds. Most bird songs are not very easy to imitate, but a golden oriole, for instance, is easily fooled by even a crude imitation of its melodious call. If you play one of Ludwig Koch’s records near the place where a male of the species is living,, it will reply at once and, further, it will come to you. If you are well concealed, it may come very close, and then you may see how it looks around, as if searching for something….. A male bird goes to where it hears a rival singing, then looks for it and attacks it.
The topic of thought is one area of Psychology and many observers have considered this aspect in connection with robots and computers; some of the old worries about artificial intelligence were closely linked to the question of whether computers could think. The first massive electronic computers capable of rapid computation and little or no creative activity, were soon dubbed ‘electronic brains’. A reaction to this terminology quickly followed. To put them in their place, computers were called ‘High-speed idiots’, an effort to protect human vanity. But not everyone realized the implications of high-speed idiot tag. It has not been pointed out often enough that even the human idiot is one of the most intelligent life forms on earth. If the early computers were even that intelligent, it was a remarkable state of affairs. One consequence of speculation about the possibility of computer thought was that we were forced to examine with new care the idea of thought in general. It soon becomes clear that we were not sure what we meant by such terms as thought and thinking. We tend to assume that human beings think, some more than others, though we often call people thoughtless or unthinking. Dreams obviously some type of mental experience, but are they a type of thinking? And the cause a problem, partly because they usually happen outside our control. They are question of non-human life forms adds further problems. Many of us would maintain that some of the higher animals – dogs, cats, apes and so on – are capable of at least basic thought, but what about fish and insects? It is certainly true that the higher mammals show complex brain activity, when tested with the appropriate equipment. If thinking is demonstrated by evident electrical activity in the brain, then many animal species are capable of thought. Once we have formulated clear idea on what thought in biological creatures is, it will be easier to discuss the thought in artifacts. And what is true of thought is also true of many other mental processes. One of the immense benefits of Artificial Intelligence research is that we are being forced to scrutinize with new vigour, the working of human mind. It is already clear that machines have superior mental abilities to many life forms. No fern or oak tree can play chess as well as even the simplest digital computer nor can frogs weld car bodies as well as robots. The three-fingered mechanical manipulator is cleverer in some ways than the threetoed sloth. It seems that, viewed in terms of intellect, the computer should be set above plants and most animals. Only the higher animals can, it seems, compete with computers with regard to intellect – and even then with diminishing success.