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HBSE Class 9 History Chapter 4 Indian Revolutionary Movement ( 1857 AD to 1918 AD ) Notes for Haryana Board of Our India IV Solution.
Indian Revolutionary Movement ( 1857 AD to 1918 AD ) Class 9 History Chapter 4 Notes
The revolutionary movement in the history of India’s freedom struggle was a violent struggle accompanying the non-violent movement. Its main objective was to make India independent. The revolutionaries were in favor of driving the British out of India by force. The Indian revolutionary movement can be divided into two parts. The revolutionary movement up to the First World War and the revolutionary movement after the First World War.
Origin of revolutionary movement
The rise of national political consciousness in India in the latter half of the nineteenth century resulted in the emergence of the revolutionary movement. There were several reasons for the origin of the revolutionary movement in India:
- Inspired by social reform movements.
- Inspired by the revolution of 1857 AD.
- Reaction against the economic exploitation and exploitation of India by the British Government.
- Reaction against the mistreatment of Indians by the British.
- Inspired by national newspapers and literature.
- Inspired by the ideology of Lal, Bal, Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh.
- Impact of international events.
Objectives and means of revolutionaries –
Such was the feeling of nationalism among the revolutionaries that they did not hesitate to even sacrifice their lives for the country. The main aim of the revolutionaries of India was ‘Freedom’.
Objectives of the Revolutionaries:
- To achieve complete independence by ending the existence of British Government in India.
- To awaken national consciousness among the youth.
- To revolutionize by using armed force.
- Organizing youth.
- Establishment of revolutionary institutions in India.
- Establishment of democracy.
- Establishment of national cultural values.
- make changes to the system.
Principles and Means of Revolutionaries:-
- Distrust in constitutional and liberal ideology.
- Belief in armed struggle and revolution.
- Emphasis on the spirit of self-sacrifice.
- Believing in the principle of ‘kill or die’ in the interest of the nation.
- Creation of revolutionary organizations and institutions.
- Belief in public awareness.
- Publication of literature, leaflets and newspapers full of national ideas.
The spread of revolutionary movements
Revolutionary movements emerged in India in the nineteenth century. The main leaders of these movements were Ram Singh Kuka, Chapekar brothers, Veer Savarkar, Ganesh Savarkar, Barindra Kumar, Shachindra Nath Sanyal, Khudiram Bose, Rash Behari Bose, Shyamji Krishna Varma, Bhikaji Cama, Lala Hardayal, Sohan Singh Bhakhna, Bhai Parmanand, Kartar Singh. Sarabha, Ajit Singh, Amba Prasad, Raja Mahendra Pratap, Barkatullah Khan etc. were prominent. It started in Maharashtra but its main center became Bengal. Indian revolutionaries remained active in other provinces of India and also abroad. In the first phase of the revolutionary movement which lasted till the First World War, most of the revolutionary activities took place in Bengal, Maharashtra, Punjab and Delhi. The struggle for independence continued even after the great revolution of 1857. Indigo rebellion in 1859 AD-1861 AD, Deccan rebellion in 1875 AD, 1879 AD. The opposition of Vasudev Balwant Phadke in 1899 AD and the rebellion of Birsa Munda in 1899 AD were prominent among them. The spread of revolutionary movement in India can be described as follows
1. Kuka Movement – The Kuka or Namdhari movement was actually a ‘religion reform movement’. To make a loud sound for a particular purpose when collectively gathered together is called a kook. The Namdharis used to sing with a loud voice (Kook), hence their movement was named Kuka Movement. This movement was started under the leadership of Ram Singh Kuka, a disciple of Udasi Fakir named Balak Singh, for the establishment of ideal political governance. , After the death of Balak Singh, Baba Ram Singh took over and established his headquarters at Bhaini Sahib (Ludhiana). When Baba Ram Singh saw the Sikhs being defeated and humiliated at the hands of the British, he started efforts to drive out the British. Baba Ram Singh appointed his Subedar and Naib Subedar in different districts of Punjab. He set up a private paramilitary organization to impart military training to the youth.
The followers of the Kuka or Namdhari movement had great respect for cows. He repeatedly demanded the government to put a strict ban on cow slaughter, but the government did not pay any attention to it. In 1872 AD, when the Kukas got information that cows were being slaughtered in the Muslim state of Malerkotla, a group of them attacked Malerkotla. The British government held Ram Singh and his followers responsible for this disturbance and sent them to Rangoon (present-day Myanmar) after taking them captive. He remained in prison till his death. Ram Singh Kuka tried to overthrow the British imperialism. Namdhari Kukas first used them as national weapons by wearing indigenous clothes, especially thick or khar, promoting indigenous goods and boycotting foreign goods.
2. Revolutionary Movement in Maharashtra – In 1896 AD, a deadly disease of plague spread in Maharashtra, which gradually took the form of an epidemic. By 1897, the plague spread in Poona as well. To deal with the plague, the British government considered taking concrete steps and appointed an Englishman named ‘Walter Charles Rand’ as the plague commissioner. This Englishman created discontent among the general public by entering people’s homes and temples unabated in Poona. People were being treated disrespectfully in public. Two brothers Damodar Chapekar and Balkrishna Chapekar shot and killed the infamous Charles Rand on June 22, 1897. Ayerst was also killed with him. The revolutionary Bal Gangadhar was influenced by Tilak. Both were caught and sentenced to death.
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar created institutions like ‘Mitra Mela’ and ‘Abhinav Bharat’ even before going to Europe to organize the revolutionaries in Maharashtra. Many revolutionaries arose through these institutions. In 1909 AD – 1910 AD Abhinav Bharat carried out revolutionary events in Nashik, Ahmedabad and Satara. In 1909, Anant Laxman Kanhare killed the District Magistrate of Nashik Mr. Jackson because he had sentenced Veer Savarkar’s brother Ganesh Savarkar to life in black water for writing patriotic poems. 38 convicts were tried in the Jackson murder case, out of which 4 were hanged.
3. Revolutionary Movement in Bengal – The founder of the revolutionary movement in Bengal was Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Ghosh and Bhupendra Nath Dutt, younger brother of Vivekananda. He inspired various revolutionaries and formed an organization called ‘Anushilan Samiti’ there. Soon the branches of this committee were opened all over Bengal. Two members of Anushilan Samiti also went to Japan to take training in making bombs. Revolutionary movements got a boost from magazines like ‘Sandhya’, ‘Yugantar’ and books like ‘Bhavani Mandir’ published by the revolutionaries. The following six-point program was given in the ‘Yugantar’ magazine to end the British rule:
- Criticizing the British rule through newspapers.
- Presenting songs and plays based on the biographies of martyrs.
- To keep the British rule busy with processions, processions, and strikes.
- Connecting youth through military education, exercise, religious programs and Shakti worship.
- Making, buying weapons and making relations with foreign countries.
- Strengthening the economic system.
The revolutionary organizations of Bengal took inspiration from the secret revolutionary organizations of Italy. In 1908 AD, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki threw a bomb on the muzaffarpur judge Kingsford with the aim of killing him. Chaki committed suicide, Khudiram Bose was given death sentence. Folk songs were written on both and the people of the country started humming them. The British captured the revolutionaries’ bomb making factory and many revolutionaries were prosecuted. This case is called ‘Alipore Conspiracy Case’. Barindra Ghosh was punished with black water. The British government resorted to repression. The revolutionaries became the idols of the youth of Bengal.
4. Revolutionary Movement in Punjab – The leaders of the revolutionary movement of Punjab were Sardar Ajit Singh, Pindi Das, Amba Prasad, Lalchand Falak and Deendayal Banke. He demonstrated against the ‘Canal Cloning Act’ of the Punjab Government with the help of farmers. Sardar Ajit Singh held meetings against this act at many places in Punjab and refused to pay tax to the farmers. He formed an organization named ‘Anjuman-e-Mohibtan-e-Watan’ to intensify revolutionary activities. Banke Dayal’s poem ‘Turban Sambhal Jatta’ and Ajit Singh’s scintillating speeches filled the people with enthusiasm. Taking a strong attitude towards him, the government sentenced him to rigorous imprisonment. Lala Pindidas, Lalchand, Ishwardas, Amba Prasad, Bhai Parmanand, Babu Balmukand Gupta etc. also tried to overthrow the British government in Punjab by armed revolution but without success.
Sardar Ajit Singh was a well-known patriotic revolutionary of Punjab. He was the uncle of Bhagat Singh. He left his home at the age of 27. He openly opposed the colonial government in India. He was declared a political rebel. He sowed the seeds of revolution by living in countries like Iran, Turkey, Germany, Brazil, Italy and Japan etc. He had acquired knowledge of many languages. In 1906, along with Lala Lajpat Rai, he was also punished for deportation. He was so upset by the partition of India that when his family members picked him up on the morning of August 15, 1947, he left the world saying Jai Hind. The history of India will always remember his contribution.
5. Revolutionary Movement in Madras – Major leaders like Chidambaram Pillai and Vanchi Iyer led revolutionary activities in the area of Madras (present-day Chennai) in South India. In protest against the captivity of Chidambaram Pillai, there was a revolt against the government at a place called Tinevali. People looted the property of the British Government. The target of the revolutionaries was the office of the municipality, the police post and the office of the registrar. The British government took strict action and sentenced 27 people to death or life imprisonment.
6. Other revolutionary activities – In the capital of India, Delhi also the revolutionaries threw a bomb on the then British Viceroy Lord Hardinge in 1912 AD. Some revolutionaries were trying to make India land independent even while living abroad.
Indian revolutionaries abroad
There were many attempts by the Indian revolutionaries settled in countries like England, France, Germany, America etc. to free their motherland India from foreign rule. The details of some revolutionaries and their efforts are as follows:
1. Role of Shyamji Krishna Varma – Shyamji Krishna Varma was a resident of Kathiawar in western India. He studied barrister from the University of Cambridge. In the year 1905, Verma ji formed the ‘Bharat Self-Government Committee’ which was often called ‘India House’. He started a newspaper ‘Indian Sociologist’ in which articles related to British atrocities, economic exploitation of India and Indianness were written. He also started six fellowships of one thousand rupees each for Indians. Due to which soon India House became the center of Indian revolutionaries. His associates were Lala Hardayal, Veer Savarkar and Madan Lal Dhingra etc. He died in Geneva in 1930 AD.
2. Role of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar –Seeing his contribution, the Indian public honored him with the title of ‘Swatantraveer’. That is why he is also called Veer Savarkar. He was born on May 28, 1883 in Bhagur, Maharashtra. In 1901 AD, he joined Ferguson College where he came in contact with Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Together with his friends, he formed an organization called ‘Mitra Mela’ and in 1905 AD in Poona, Holi of foreign clothes was lit. In 1906, he organized revolutionary activities in Maharashtra by forming a secret organization of revolutionaries ‘Abhinav Bharat’. Savarkar was the first person who called the military rebellion of 1857 AD as ‘India’s first freedom struggle’. He also wrote a book by this name which was confiscated by the then British government before publication. December 23, 1910 AD. Savarkar was sentenced to life imprisonment for two births and his ancestral property was confiscated. For ten years (July 4, 1911 AD to May 2, 1921 AD), Savarkar remained in the Cellular Jail in Andaman. In May 1920, Mahatma Gandhi also appealed to the government to release him in the magazine ‘Young India’. Even after his release from Andaman, he remained in jail for many years and after many years, he was under house arrest and many types of restrictions were imposed on him. Savarkar believed in Hindutva and was strongly opposed to Partition. He worked tirelessly to stop the partition. He died on 26 February 1966 AD. The surprising thing was that even till the time of his death his property confiscated by the British government was not returned. Appealed to the government to release him in the ‘Young India’ magazine. Even after his release from Andaman, he remained in jail for many years and after many years, he was under house arrest and many types of restrictions were imposed on him. Savarkar believed in Hindutva and was strongly opposed to Partition. He worked tirelessly to stop the partition. He died on 26 February 1966 AD. The surprising thing was that even till the time of his death his property confiscated by the British government was not returned. Appealed to the government to release him in the ‘Young India’ magazine. Even after his release from Andaman, he remained in jail for many years and after many years, he was under house arrest and many types of restrictions were imposed on him. Savarkar believed in Hindutva and was strongly opposed to Partition. He worked tirelessly to stop the partition. He died on 26 February 1966 AD. The surprising thing was that even till the time of his death his property confiscated by the British government was not returned. He died on The surprising thing was that even till the time of his death his property confiscated by the British government was not returned. He died on The surprising thing was that even till the time of his death his property confiscated by the British government was not returned.
Major works of Savarkar
- The Indian War of Independence
- Hindu National Philosophy
- Letters from Andaman
- Hindu post padshahi
- Essentials of Hinduism
- Dedication to Martyrs
Cellular Jail (Kala Pani) – The sentence of Cellular Jail in Andaman was also known as Kaal Pani Punishment. In this prison, political prisoners were treated worse than bandits and murderers. Prisoners were kept in separate cells. When there was even the slightest suspicion, the punishment was given to standing with hands raised in handcuffs. Crusher was used to extract 30 pounds of oil per day. Those who took less oil were beaten up. Drinking water was also very difficult to get.
3. Role of Madan Lal Dhingra – Veer Savarkar’s brother Ganesh Savarkar was also a great patriot. Mr. Jackson, Deputy Collector of Nashik and Chief Adviser to the Secretary of India, Curzon Wylie, had a big hand in getting him punished. So on July 1, 1909, a young man Madanlal Dhingra shot Curzon Wylie in London. Madan Lal Dhingra was born in 1883 AD in an elite and well-educated family in Amritsar, Punjab. In 1906, he went to London to study and came in contact with Veer Savarkar and Shyamji Krishna Varma. Madan Lal Dhingra was hanged on August 17, 1909 AD.
4. Role of Bhikaji Cama – Bhikaji Cama was a great woman revolutionary. The centers of his revolutionary activities were England and France. He participated in the International Socialist Conference and unfurled the national flag made by himself. He informed about the exploitative nature of British rule in the conference. He was taken captive and exiled from England. After that she went to France and returned to India in 1934 AD and died in 1936 AD.
5. Mutiny Movement – In the early nineteenth century, many Indians from India came to America, Burma, Singapore, Hong Kong, Canada etc., in search of means of earning money and livelihood, but being Indians, they were treated abusively abroad as well. Therefore, realizing the suffering of his countrymen, he decided that he would try to free his India from the clutches of the British by staying here abroad. So he decided to start a revolutionary movement. First of all, on April 21, 1913, by organizing the Indians of America and Canada, a ‘Hindustani Association’ (Hindi Pacific Association) was formed which was called the Ghadar Party. The main leaders of the Ghadar Party were Sohan Singh Bhakna, Lala Hardayal, Bhai Kesar Singh, Pandit Kanshi Ram, Bhai Parmanand, Muhammad Barkatullah, Kartar Singh was Sarabha. The main objective of this party was the struggle for the independence of India. The headquarters of this party was opened in San Francisco, USA at a place called Yugantar Ashram. In November 1913, a weekly newspaper named ‘Gadar’ was brought out which started publishing in different languages like Hindi, Marathi, English, Urdu etc. In this newspaper the real picture of British rule was presented to the Indians and at the same time the youth were called to join revolutionary activities. This letter was sent free of cost to many countries of the world. Thousands of members of this party reached India by ships to liberate India. These people spread all over Punjab and started doing secret work against the British Empire. In March 1914, Lala Hardayal was ordered to be arrested. So he left America and went to Switzerland. After that Bhagwan Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha,
6. Kamagatamaru Incident –The members of the Ghadar Party sent the revolutionaries to India in a ship called Tosamaru with German weapons for the purpose of bringing an armed revolution in India, but it was already reported to the British Government in India. Therefore, on reaching India, all the people were made prisoners and sentenced to death. At the same time, the Canadian government had imposed many unreasonable restrictions on Indians. Therefore, for the support of these Indians, Baba Gurdit Singh, a wealthy Indian from Singapore, left for Canada with 350 Indians on the Kamagatamaru ship. May 23, 1914 AD. When this ship reached Vancouver, Canada, the Canadian government allowed only 24 people to land there. Along with 340 Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims were also in the ship. Everyone was forced back into the ship. After that the ship left for India with all the people. This was already known to the British Government in India. When this ship reached Calcutta (Bajbaz Ghat), here also the British government did not allow them to descend and tried to forcefully send the passengers to Punjab. When some passengers tried to enter Calcutta by force, the government opened fire on those innocent passengers. This incident happened on September 27, 1914 AD. In this, 19 people died on the spot. This incident further accelerated the wave of independence. happened to In this, 19 people died on the spot. This incident further accelerated the wave of independence. happened to In this, 19 people died on the spot. This incident further accelerated the wave of independence.
7. The Great Plan of Armed Revolution (1915 AD) – The Kamagatamaru incident had a deep impact on the revolutionaries. Foreign revolutionaries started coming to Punjab and held secret meetings. In January 1915 AD, Rash Behari Bose had also reached Punjab. He prepared the draft of an organization and made a plan for armed revolution against British rule on 21 February 1915 AD by contacting the military cantonments all over the country. Shachindra Nath Sanyal, Kartar Singh Sarabha, etc. were involved in this plan along with Rash Behari Bose. The date of revolution was also changed to 19th February, but a traitor named Kripal Singh told the whole plan to the British. Rash Behari Bose managed to escape, but 42 revolutionaries were hanged and 200 revolutionaries were sentenced to long sentences.
Some important dates :-
1. Birth of Veer Savarkar – May 28, 1883 AD.
2. Murder of Charles Rand by Chapekar Brothers – June 22, 1897 AD.
3. Madan Lal Dhingra shot Curzon Wylie in London – July 1, 1909 AD.
4. The hanging of Madan Lal Dhingra – August 17, 1909 AD.
5. Veer Savarkar sentenced to life imprisonment for two lives – December 23, 1910 AD.
6. Bomb was thrown on Lord Hardinge – 1912 AD.
7. Establishment of Ghadar Party – 1913 AD.
8. Plan of Armed Revolution – February 21, 1915 AD.
9. Death of Veer Savarkar – 26 February 1966 AD.