Class 9 History BSEH Solution for chapter 3 Liberal and Nationalist ( 1857 AD to 1919 AD ) Notes for Haryana board. CCL Chapter Provide Class 1th to 12th all Subjects Solution With Notes, Question Answer, Summary and Important Questions. Class 9 History mcq, summary, Important Question Answer, Textual Question Answer are available of Our India IV Book for HBSE.
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HBSE Class 9 History Chapter 3 Liberal and Nationalist ( 1857 AD to 1919 AD ) Notes for Haryana Board of Our India IV Solution.
Liberal and Nationalist ( 1857 AD to 1919 AD ) Class 9 History Chapter 3 Notes
The revolution of 1857 AD was actually the result of the accumulated discontent of the people towards the rule of the East India Company and their hatred towards foreign rule. Indian soldiers, kings, nawabs, chieftains, farmers and people actively participated in this revolution. This revolution shook the roots of British rule in India. After this revolution new India emerged and organized national awakening emerged in India. On the other hand the British could never forget the revolution of 1857 AD. In 1885 AD, an Englishman A.O. Congress was formed by Hume to reduce the growing discontent among Indians.
liberal –
After the revolution of 1857 AD, many political organizations were established to create political awareness among educated Indians such as: Indian League, Indian Association, Bombay Association, Poona Sarvajanik Sabha etc. An English officer A. O. Hume founded the Indian National Congress in 1885 AD with the help of Indian leaders. In the national movement of India, the time till 1905 AD is called the ‘liberalism period’ of the national movement because the leaders of this period used to put their demands in front of the British government with full softness and generosity.
a) Leaders of Liberals – The main leaders of liberals were Dadabhai Naoroji, Vyomesh Chandra Banerjee, Badruddin Tyabji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Mahadev Govind Ranade, Surendranath Banerjee, Ferozeshah Mehta, Romesh Chandra Dutt, Subramaniam Iyer and Shishir Kumar Ghosh. All these leaders were in favor of maintaining relations with the British government and were liberal and moderate.
b) Target of Liberals – Liberal leaders were supporters of British rule. His goal was to achieve self-government under British rule. The liberals wanted to increase the number of members in the legislative councils, increase their powers and elect the members of the councils by the people. Indians should also be appointed in the higher administrative services.
c) Main demands of liberals – The main demands of liberals in this period were as follows:-
- The number of members of the Legislative Councils should be increased.
- Indians should be appointed in the administrative service.
- The expenditure of the army should be reduced.
- General and technical education should be expanded.
- More Indians should be appointed to higher posts.
- The judiciary should be separated from the executive.
- The burden of taxes on farmers should be reduced.
- ensure the protection of civil rights.
- Tax on salt should be reduced.
- Remove the restrictions imposed on the press.
d) Ideology of Liberals – The liberal leaders were deeply influenced by British ideology, literature and civilization. He was an admirer of the political institutions of England and believed in the justice of the British. He believed that the British developed the means of transport and communication in India, implemented a modern education system and arranged a modern justice system by collecting laws in India. Liberal leaders were in favor of maintaining relations with the British and the British government so that Indians could remain devoted to the British and receive practical education from them about liberal political institutions and ideologies.
e) Procedure of Liberals – Liberal leaders believed in constitutional and peaceful means to get their demands done. He used to campaign through newspapers, speeches and annual sessions of the Congress. It was this western way of agitation that these educated Indians had learned from the British. The liberals used to present applications and proposals to the government from time to time. Their main means of propaganda was the newspapers as many liberal leaders were themselves editors of newspapers published in some English and Indian languages. In the annual sessions of the Congress, the liberal leaders debated the policies of the government and conveyed their demands to the British government through unanimously passed resolutions.
To make the government of England and the public opinion there in favor of India, the liberals sent many of their representatives to England from time to time. In order to propagate the real condition of India in England, an organization named ‘British Committee of Indian National Congress’ was established in London in 1889 AD. In 1890, this organization also started a newspaper named ‘India’.
f) Contribution or achievements of liberals – The most important achievement of liberals was that they were successful in bringing national awakening in India. Through their enthusiastic speeches and articles published in newspapers, these leaders awakened the national spirit among the people. The liberals did not only propagate their demands in India, but many leaders also went to England and they introduced their demands to the government and the members of Parliament there. As a result of his efforts, in 1892, the Parliament of England passed the ‘Indian Council Act’, according to which the number of members of the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils was increased. Indians were given more place in these councils. According to this act, the election process was started in the country for the first time.
The liberals made the British government aware of their demands for reforms in the administration through the resolutions, speeches and press passed in the annual sessions of the Congress. He was confident that the British government would definitely fulfill his just demands. Although the liberals succeeded in making Indians aware of the exploitative economic nature of the British rule. But still due to his anti-Britishness, he failed to become the leader of the general public.
Nationalist –
After 1905 AD, the importance of liberal leaders in the political field was now greatly reduced and the rise of nationalists took place.
a) Nationalist leaders – The main leaders of nationalists in this period were Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai. Apart from these other leaders were Rajnarayan Bose and Ashwini Kumar Dutt of Bengal and Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar in Maharashtra. These leaders took special inspiration from ancient Indian religion and culture. He was strongly opposed to the policies of the British Government. The nationalists launched vigorous national movements for the attainment of Swaraj.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak (Lokmanya Tilak) – Lokmanya Tilak ran newspapers named ‘Maratha’ in English language and ‘Kesari’ in Marathi language. Through these newspapers, he condemned the foreign rule in harsh words and propagated ‘Swaraj’ vigorously. He started making ‘Ganpati festival’ a medium to propagate nationalist ideas among the people in 1893 AD. In 1895, he also started the ‘Shivaji Samaroh’ so that the young man, taking inspiration from the great achievements of Shivaji, became an ardent supporter of nationalism. In 1896 AD, in the event of a famine in 1897 AD, Tilak launched a ‘non-payment of land tax’ campaign by the farmers of Maharashtra. He proclaimed Swaraj that “Swaraj is my birthright and I will have it.”
Lala Lajpat Rai – Lala Lajpat Rai was also a great nationalist leader who was given the title of ‘Sher-e-Punjab’ (Punjab Kesari). He published an Urdu daily called ‘Vande Mataram’ and an English weekly called ‘The People’. Through these newspapers and other articles, he inspired people to make sacrifices for the defense of the motherland. Till his death in 1928 AD, he continued to participate in the national movement of India, meanwhile he had to go to jail. He played an important role in the ‘Home Rule Movement’ and the farmers’ movement.
Vipin Chandra Pal – Vipin Chandra Pal is considered one of the great leaders of the national movement. He published several newspapers in Bengali and English. Vipin Chandra Pal, through his newspaper called ‘New India’, denied the programs and methods of the liberals and led the movement against foreign rule.
Aurobindo Ghosh – Aurobindo Ghosh also instilled a sense of patriotism and self-confidence among the people through his writings and speeches and inspired them to participate in the national movement against British rule.
b) The goal of the nationalists – The goal of the nationalists was the attainment of Swaraj which they considered as the birthright of Indians. He was in favor of ending British rule and handing over Indian administration to Indians. The nationalists understood that without Swaraj there could be no industrial, commercial and educational progress of the country and neither Indians could get their fundamental rights.
c) Ideology and Program – The nationalist leaders did not have any faith in the justice of the British. They believed that as long as there was British rule in India, only British industrialists and businessmen would benefit from the policies of the government. During the British rule, India’s business, industries, education, public welfare works, etc. would not be able to develop properly. So he hated the British rule. The basic mantra of these leaders was the attainment of Swaraj by running a powerful mass movement against the British rule. Therefore, he strongly supported the ‘Swadeshi and Boycott Movement’ against the British rule and stressed on making it a nationwide mass movement and involving all sections of the society.
d) Procedure of Nationalists – The nationalist leaders were of the opinion that the demands from the British government could not be fulfilled only through applications, proposals, demonstrations, meetings and speeches. They considered them as means of weakness and considered them as political begging. The nationalist leaders were in favor of running a powerful mass movement against the British rule. He strongly supported the launch of a massive Swadeshi and boycott movement against the British rule.
e) Differences between liberals and nationalists – both had different demands, goals, means and ideology, hence there were deep differences between the two. After the ‘Partition of Bengal’ in 1905 AD, there was a dispute between the liberals and nationalists regarding Swadeshi and boycott, and even in the Calcutta session of the Congress in 1906 AD, there was no consensus on this issue between the two and the differences between these two parties Went on growing In the Surat session of 1907 AD, Tilak and his companions parted ways with the Congress. The liberals wanted to do administrative reforms under the British rule but the nationalists aimed to achieve Swaraj. From 1905 to 1918, the reins of the national movement remained in the hands of the nationalists. These nationalists made the Indian national movement militant by running the dissolution, swadeshi, boycott and home rule movements.
Anti-dissolution movement –
In 1899, Lord Curzon was appointed as the Viceroy of India. He adopted a very harsh attitude towards the nationalist leaders. In 1905, Lord Curzon issued orders to divide Bengal into two parts. The British government gave the reason for the partition of Bengal that Bengal is a very large province and its administration is very difficult to run smoothly, but in reality the British government wanted to weaken the national unity and nationalist movement in India. The purpose of this partition was to destroy Hindu-Muslim unity.
Anti-Bangladesh Movement – The nationalists of Bengal strongly opposed the partition of Bengal. The partition of Bengal was called a pre-planned abomination by the nationalists. The partition of Bengal resulted in the beginning of the ‘Anti-Bangladesh Movement’. On October 16, 1905, the partition of Bengal was to be implemented. This day was declared as ‘Mourning Day’, strikes were held all over Bengal, processions were taken out and meetings were organized in protest. The whole of Bengal reverberated with the slogans of ‘Vande Mataram’. On the appeal of the leaders, people boycotted British goods and took a vow to use indigenous goods. This movement was not confined only to Bengal but spread to other parts as well. Ultimately the government had to succumb to the storm raised by these nationalists and the partition of Bengal in 1911 AD had to be annulled.
Swadeshi and boycott movement
In 1905, the British government ordered the partition of Bengal because the British government wanted to crush the growing nationalism in Bengal. Under this Bengal was divided into two parts. East Bengal and West Bengal, then a wave of discontent ran among the people of Bengal. People held meetings and demonstrations against this anti-national act of the British government, but the British government did not listen to the nationalists. Forced, he started the Swadeshi and boycott movement against the British government.
a) Objective –
- Harming the economic interests of the British Government by boycotting foreign goods.
- Promoting Indian industries by giving a lot of publicity to indigenous goods.
- To establish unity against the British rule among the people and to awaken the feeling of patriotism.
b) Program – Swadeshi and boycott movement started from Bengal but soon spread to other parts of the country also. Zamindars, traders, lawyers, students and women also participated in this movement. In this movement, people were urged to adopt indigenous goods by public meetings and public meetings were held where oaths were taken to use indigenous goods and boycott foreign goods. Protests were held in front of shops selling foreign goods. Holi of foreign clothes was lit at many places, which created so much awareness among the people that they stopped attending the functions where foreign goods were used. People stopped taking foreign gifts.
c) Effect of the movement – The Swadeshi and Boycott movement had the following effects on the national consciousness of the people of India, which are as follows:
- This movement started increasing the feeling of nationalism and patriotism among the people of India.
- Due to this movement, the prevalence of Swadeshi goods increased greatly among the people.
- This led to immense development of Indian industries. As a result of this movement, textile mills, soap and match factories came up in different parts of the country.
- The Swadeshi and Boycott movement made a special impact on literature. At that time, many poems, prose, songs etc. were composed with national ideas.
- For the first time, Indian women also participated in this movement. He took part in processions and dharnas at many places.
- The Swadeshi and boycott movement organized people against the partition and forced the British government to cancel the partition of Bengal in 1911 AD.
- As a result of this movement, the importance of liberals in the national movement was reduced and the reins of the national movement came in the hands of the nationalists. As a result of this national movement, the British Government passed the ‘Indian Council Act’ in 1909 to satisfy the agitators. According to this act, some reforms were made in the Indian administrative system, which is known as ‘Marley-Minto Reforms’.
Indian Council Act of 1909 AD – This act is also known as Marley-Minto Reforms. This Act was actually an extension of the Act of 1892 AD. The British government passed the Minto Marley Act in 1909 AD, whose main sections are as follows –
- According to this Act, the maximum number of additional members of the Central Legislative Council was increased to 60. The number of members of the Provincial Legislative Councils was also increased from 30 to 50, but still the majority of government officials remained in the Central Legislative Council.
- According to the Act, the appointment of an Indian was also announced in the executive committee of the Governor General.
- The functions of the councils were also increased by the Act of 1909. Members were given the right to present proposals and discuss the budget, but were forbidden to bring resolutions related to the army, foreign powers and Indian rulers.
- The most disgusting aspect of the Act of 1909 was the beginning of communalism in Indian politics. According to these reforms, the number of members of the Muslims in the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils was fixed and they were made sure to be elected by the Muslims only. As a result, differences between Hindus and Muslims started increasing.
- According to this act only a few persons were given the right to vote on the basis of their education, property taxes and titles.
In fact, the reforms of 1909 were aimed at confusing the liberals, dividing the nationalists and preventing the growing unity among Indians and promoting communalism.
Lucknow Pact –
known as. The Congress accepted the Muslim League’s suggestion by this agreement that the Legislative Councils should have a fixed number of Muslims and they should be elected by a separate electoral system. This was the beginning of the ‘policy of Muslim appeasement’ of the Congress. In 1916 AD, as a result of the efforts of Mrs. Annie Besant and some other leaders, a compromise was reached between the liberals and the nationalists, which gave more strength to the national movement.
Home Rule Movement –
During the First World War, many Indian leaders had understood that it was necessary to create public pressure on the British government to get their rights, so a real people’s movement was necessary. In such a situation, in 1915 AD – 1916 AD, a new type of movement started in India which is called ‘Home Rule Movement’. Its main leaders were Mrs Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
a) Establishment of Home Rule League – Mrs Annie Besant was a liberal minded woman from Ireland. Influenced by the Home Rule Movement of Ireland, he founded the Home Rule League in Madras in 1916 AD. Soon its branches were established in cities like Kanpur, Allahabad, Mumbai, Banaras, Mathura etc. Mrs. Annie Besant promoted Home Rule for the Indians under the British Empire through the newspaper ‘New India’.
Impressed by the Home Rule Movement of Mrs Annie Besant, Bal Gangadhar Tilak founded the Indian Home Rule League in Poona. The objective of the Home Rule League was to propagate the right of Swaraj.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak had established their own separate Home Rule Leagues in Poona and Mrs Annie Besant in Madras, but they both started cooperating with each other in the interest of the nation. He visited different parts of the country and addressed people from place to place and propagated Home Rule. As a result of the efforts of these two leaders, many branches of Home Rule League were established in different cities of India and thousands of people became members of Home Rule. Many national leaders like M.A. Ansari, Shankar Lal, Nekiram Sharma etc. joined the Home Rule League and unitedly started demanding Swaraj. Bal Gangadhar Tilak had entrusted the command of Home Rule Movement in Madhya Pradesh and Berar region to Neki Ram Sharma of Haryana.
b) Repressive policy of the British government – Although this movement was peaceful, but during the war the British government could not tolerate any kind of agitation. Therefore, adopting a repressive policy, the British government expelled Annie Besant from Madhya Pradesh and Berar in 1916 AD. Similarly, Tilak’s coming to Punjab and Delhi was banned. In June 1917, Mrs. Annie Besant was taken prisoner along with her colleagues in Madras. At the same time many big leaders joined the movement and they started pressurizing the government. People held strikes and demonstrations across the country. Seeing the growing enthusiasm of the people, the government finally bowed down and freed Mrs. Besant and her associates from prison.
c) Significance of the movement – A feeling of special enthusiasm and fearlessness was seen in the people of India. Besant and Tilak became popular leaders of the country. This movement had its impact outside the country as well. The liberal thought leaders of America and England started supporting the grant of Swaraj to India. To satisfy the Indians, India Minister Montagu made an important announcement in August 1917, according to which the Indians were assured that institutions related to self-government would be developed, Indians would be included in maximum numbers in every field of administration. and gradually Swaraj will be established.
Some important dates –
- Beginning of Ganpati festival by Tilak – 1893 AD.
- Start of Shivaji festival by Tilak – 1895 AD.
- Partition of Bengal – 1905 AD
- Partition in Congress – 1907 AD.
- Marley Minto Act – 1909 AD.
- Partition of Bengal canceled – 1911 AD
- Lucknow Pact in Congress Muslim League – 1917 AD.
- Death of Lala Lajpat Rai – 1928 AD