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HBSE Class 10 History Chapter 1 Sarasvati Sindhu Civilization Question Answer for Haryana Board of Bharat and the World Book Solution.
Sarasvati Sindhu Civilization Class 10 History Chapter 1 Question Answer
Let’s Recall –
Question 1 – What were the main features of the town planning of the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization?
Answer – In the town Planning of this civilization, two mounds are often found in the east and west directions. The residential area was situated on the east mound and the fort was situated on the west mound. Common men, merchants, craftsmen, artisans and workers lived in the residential area of the town. Administrative, public buildings and granaries were located inside the fort. The main roads divided the town into five or six blocks. The main roads in Mohenjodaro were 9.15 metres wide and the streets were 3.0 metres wide on average. The roads were unpaved. Special attention was paid to cleanliness. The drains of the houses led to the big drain on the side of the road, then the water was drained out of the town through these drains. The drains were made of paved bricks. Residential buildings had three or four rooms, a kitchen, a bathroom and a courtyard in the middle of the building. The houses of the rich people also had wells and toilets.
Question 2 – Describe the social and religious life of the people of the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization?
Answer –
Social life of the people of the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization
The society of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization must have been divided into many classes. The town was divided into fortification area and housing area. The rich people or ruling class resided in the town-forts. Traders, soldiers, officers, craftsmen and labourers lived in the residential area. In the society of the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization, other important classes were farmers, potters, carpenters, sailors, laborers, jewellers, and weavers. The people of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization were both vegetarian and non-vegetarian. Their main food was barley, wheat, rice, fruits, vegetables, milk, meat (fish, sheep, goats, pigs etc.). The rich used to wear ornaments made of gold and silver, semi-precious stones, ivory, etc., while the poor wore ornaments made of clay, bone and stone. The game of chess and dance were their main means of entertainment. The people of Sarasvati Sindhu civilization were also fond of hunting. There were toys, clacks, whistles and carts, etc., to entertain the children.
Religious life of the people of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization
The people used to worship the Mother Goddess. In this civilization, the worship of the Mother Goddess was prevalent in the form of the worship of the goddesses of the animal and plant world. Pashupati Shiva is found in the antiques of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. A seal obtained from Mohenjodaro depicts a three headed man with horns seated in a yoga posture on a throne. The elephant and tiger are shown on the right side, thel rhinoceros and the buffalo are shown on the left. Two deer are shown standing under the throne. This figurine is of Pashupati Shiva. Shivlinga was also worshipped during this civilization. There is also evidence of animal worship and tree worship in the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. Mainly, one horned animal, bull, snake, peepal tree etc. were worshipped. The Swastik symbol is also found on a few seals of this civilization. The mausoleum areas were outside the towns. The heads of the dead bodies were usually placed towards the north and the feet towards the south. Pottery, jewellery, tools, etc. were kept with the skeletons.
Question 3 – What was the economic structure of the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization?
Answer – The economic structure of the sarasvati-sindhu civilization was very strong. The main occupation of the people here was agriculture. Here people mainly cultivated wheat, barley, rice, moong, lentils, peas, mustard, cotton, sesame etc. The specific types of crops, method of planting crops, agricultural equipment, irrigation system etc. show the agricultural development of that time. Bulls, cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats, dogs, donkeys and pigs were mainly reared in this civilization. They were used for milk, meat, skins and so on. This civilization also imported and exported goods. Trade by land route was done by bullock carts and by sea route by boat. The people of Sindhu were well versed in the techniques of metal casting for various types of jewellery, tools and implements, and were highly skilful and proficient in their manufacture. Various types of ornaments were made from precious stones, conch shells, oysters and ivory.
Question 4 – What were the artistic features of the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization?
Answer – Stone, metal and clay sculptures are mentioned in the art of the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. Apart from these, seals, beads and pottery indicate its aesthetics. The most notable of the stone idols found at Mohenjodaro is the 19 cm long fragmented idol of a man wearing a shawl with shamrock ornamentation. An idol of a world-famous metal dancer has been found from Mohenjodaro. Clay idols of men, women, animals, and birds have also been found. Clay idols of humans are found along with ornaments and headdresses. Animals and birds include bulls, sheep, goats, dogs, elephants, pigs, peacocks, ducks, parrots and pigeons.
Let’s Consider-
Question 1 – Consider the extent and chronology of the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization.
Answer –
Extent of Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization —
The expansion of Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization was from Alamgirpur (Western Uttar Pradesh) in the east to Sutkagendor (Baluchistan) in the west, Manda (Jammu) in the north; and Daimabad (Maharashtra) in the south. The area of this civilization is 2,15,000 square kilometres. The distance between its sites is about 1600 km from east to west and about 1400 km from north to south.
Chronology of Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization —
The Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization is divided into three periods. Radiocarbon dates suggests that the Sarasvati river valley was inhabited by the first agrarian cultures before 7500-7000 BC. In 3200 BC, with the development of town-planning, writing, seals and the method of measurement, these first agrarian cultures were transformed into a developed rural culture, which developed the characteristics of Phase-1 urban life by 2600 BC. As a result, the towns of India’s first urban civilization emerged. By 1900 BC, this urban civilization started changing into a rural culture. This urban civilization collapsed before 1300 BC.
- Phase 1 – Early Period ( >4000-2600 BC )
- Phase 2 – Urban Period ( 2600-1900 BC )
- Phase 3 – Later Period ( 1900-1300 BC )
Question 2 – Discuss in detail about the reasons for the decline of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization.
Answer – A number of reasons must have been responsible for the decline of the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. The details of these causes are as follows:
1. Administrative stagnation: In the last phase of the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization, there was stagnation in administration. As a result, the size of the settlement was shrinked and cleanliness decreased. The walls started becoming less wide and bricks of old houses were used in the construction of new houses, due to which this urban civilization gradually transformed into rural culture.
2. Climate change: Climate change can also be considered responsible for the decline of the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. Due to less rainfall and drying up of the river Sarasvati, the settlements of this civilization must have been destroyed in Haryana, Rajasthan and Punjab.
3. Flood: Evidence of floods has been found from the excavations of Mohenjodaro, Chanhudaro, Lothal and Bhagatrao. It is speculated that floods must have played a role in the decline of this civilization.
4. Decrease in foreign trade: Due to the decrease in foreign trade of the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization, the economic structure began to weaken, due to which the demand for local production began to increase in place of valuable goods and the standard of living of the people declined drastically which became the main reason for the decline of this civilization.
5. Epidemic: A study of 42 human skeletons found from Mohenjodaro has shown that 41 people have died due to epidemics like malaria. So, it is speculated that the decline of this civilization may have also happened due to the epidemic.
Question 3 – What is the contribution of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization to the world?
Answer – Sarasvati Sindhu Civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. The world got to learn a lot from this civilization. The best example of town planning system was seen in this civilization. In which the system of road system and drainage of water in the city was important. Evidence of agriculture and its tools were also found in this civilization. This civilization revealed which animals were domesticated from the very beginning. Apart from this, import and export were also seen with other civilisations.
Let’s Try to do –
Question 1 – List the trading centers of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization.
Answer –
- Harappa
- mohenjodaro
- Lothal
- Kalibanga
- Rakhigarhi
Question 2 – List the sites of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization in Haryana.
Answer –
- Mitathal
- Rakhigarhi